The spookiness of quantum entanglement emerges from the truth of quantum superposition, and was clear to the founding fathers of quantum mechanics who developed the idea within the Twenties and Nineteen Thirties.
To create entangled particles you basically break a system into two, the place the sum of the components is thought. For instance, you’ll be able to cut up a particle with spin of zero into two particles that essentially can have reverse spins in order that their sum is zero.
In 1935, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen published a paper that describes a thought experiment designed as an example a seeming absurdity of quantum entanglement that challenged a foundational legislation of the universe.
A simplified version of this thought experiment, attributed to David Bohm, considers the decay of a particle referred to as the pi meson. When this particle decays, it produces an electron and a positron which have reverse spin and are transferring away from one another. Subsequently, if the electron spin is measured to be up, then the measured spin of the positron might solely be down, and vice versa. That is true even when the particles are billions of miles aside.
This is able to be effective if the measurement of the electron spin have been all the time up and the measured spin of the positron have been all the time down. However due to quantum mechanics, the spin of every particle is each half up and half down till it’s measured. Solely when the measurement happens does the quantum state of the spin “collapse” into both up or down – instantaneously collapsing the opposite particle into the other spin. This appears to recommend that the particles talk with one another by way of some signifies that strikes sooner than the velocity of sunshine. However in line with the legal guidelines of physics, nothing can journey sooner than the velocity of sunshine. Absolutely the measured state of 1 particle can’t instantaneously decide the state of one other particle on the far finish of the universe?
Physicists, together with Einstein, proposed numerous various interpretations of quantum entanglement within the Nineteen Thirties. They theorized there was some unknown property – dubbed hidden variables – that determined the state of a particle before measurement. However on the time, physicists didn’t have the expertise nor a definition of a transparent measurement that would check whether or not quantum principle wanted to be modified to incorporate hidden variables.
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